Understanding the underlying causes of species diversity patterns across the globe is a fundamental goal in ecology. Species diversity is thought to be determined by ecological processes in local communities and biogeographical (migration and range expansion) and evolutionary processes. Anolis lizards are suited for studies of the evolution of community structure because the species have diverged to different ecomorphs which adapt to different niches in the forests. In Cuba, the most dominant species are Trunk-Ground (TG) anoles, and several species coexist sympatrically even though they have the same ecomorphs. We collected 11 TG species from 11 localities. We recorded coexisting species composition in each locality. Then, we inferred phylogenetic relationships of individuals using mtDNA and nuclear genes. The results showed that 2 to 4 species coexist sympatrically and A. sagrei, A. homolechis and A. allogus (or A. ahli) were often coexisting in many localities. These species originated from different regions and they could expand their range over wide area of Cuba. Differences in species richness among the regions are largely depending on the number of speciation in the regions.