In ant-aphid interactions, ants are known to attack and exclude other herbivores and carnivores including natural enemies of aphids. However, larvae of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) are observed to prey on the aphids on plants in the presence of aphid-tending ants. One of the possible defensive behaviors of the lacewing larvae against ants is carrying remains of preyed aphids on their backs. Our previous study have shown that the lacewing larvae stay longer on aphid-colonized plants and prey on more aphids by this unique behavior. However, it remains unclear how dead aphids affect aggression of ants to the larvae. As ants are known to recognize aphids using cuticular chemicals of aphids, we focused on the role of the chemicals in defense of lacewing larvae. We offered aphid-tending ants lacewing larvae with dead aphids and those with dead aphids whose chemicals had previously been extracted with hexane, and compared aggression towards two groups of larvae by the ants. As a result, ants increased aggression towards larvae with extracted dead aphids. This suggests that the chemicals of dead aphids alter recognition of lacewing larvae by ants. We further analyzed extracts of dead aphids, alive aphids, and lacewing larvae with GC-MS. Based on these results, we discuss adaptive meaning of carrying dead aphids for lacewing larvae.