Goods and services from ecosystems are known as ecosystem services (ES). For forest ES, the quality and, in particular, the quantity of forest ES depends on forest management. A biogeochemical forest model (BGC-ES) which the authors have been proposed can evaluated forest ES, quantitatively. The biomass submodel is based on the relationship between tree population density and the corresponding amount of biomass due to estimate a effect of management practice (thinning and cutting).

The authors applied the model to evaluate the ES (water runoff, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, and timber harvest) under various types of forest management areas in the Ise Bay basin. Our forest GIS database includes the tree species and the age of the forest at a semi-forest-compartment level (average area: ca. 11 ha). For reduce of calculation cost, the simulations were carried out at 5 km mesh.

Carbon cycle was affected by the forest management, seriously, while water and nitrogen cycles were changed, slightly. Carbon sequestration rate and harvesting volume accumulation did not exhibit a linear relationship with forest area. There is required a dynamic-process forest model to evaluate the carbon cycle affected by forest management practices.