The limits of annual seed production in angiosperms have long been recognized as alternative restriction by either pollination success (pollen limitation) or resource provision to seed development (resource limitation). This expected dichotomy between pollen and resource limitation is based on assumption that reproductive resources are fixed. Although this is reasonable for semelparous species, iteroparity can ease the constraints on reproductive output per breeding season, if resources can be either mobilized from past storage or borrowed against future performance. These options allow enhanced reproductive investment in response to unusually good pollination. Our presentation shows the demand-governed reproductive investment by manipulating both resource supply capacity and resource demand using perennial herbaceous species. Such contingent resource allocation may eliminate a simple dichotomy between pollen and resource limitation. Instead, flexible reproductive investment allows iteroparous perennials to participate maximally in current reproduction following superior pollination, which may translate physiological cost to demographic cost, or conserve resources for future reproduction following poor pollination.