China has become one of the largest emitter of CO2 in the world, facing huge pressure to reduce emission of CO2. Carbon cycle in China and the dynamic changes of the carbon flux is one of the major environmental issues arouse Chinese scientists and international communities’ attention. Through integration of the literature data, we analyzed carbon budget and its spatial pattern in Chinese terrestrial and marine ecosystems, carbon leakage caused by fire, water and soil erosion and wind erosion in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon exchange of geological process in China, and carbon emissions of fossil fuel burning and cement producing. Our study expounds the role of Chinese carbon budget in the global carbon cycle. We expect that the study would provide a scientific foundation to analyze the causes of climate change, to predict the trend of climate change in the future and to make mitigating and adaptive policy in China.