Traditional food systems support the livelihoods of rural Indigenous communities. However, rapid climate and environmental changes are threatening the global diversity of wild foods. As these changes continue to unfold, it is important to explore potential implications, particularly in relation to existing human dependencies. Here, I present the results of a comprehensive multidisciplinary study combining 400 systematic household surveys from 18 rural settlements across the Republic of Sakha (RS) in the Russian Far East with species distribution models of 51 important food species to (i) estimate current household dependencies on wild food harvesting; (ii) project future (2050s) changes in the regional distribution and local availability of wild foods under alternative climate and land use change scenarios; and (iii) discuss their combined potential implications. Results show important regional variability in current household dependencies on wild food harvesting across rural communities related to their geographic location, culture, and traditions. Dependency in remote and isolated Arctic settlements, understood as shares of the total food consumed and income generated by household, showed stronger links to animal food products and was on average 2- to 4-fold higher than in settlements of the more developed central regions, which are better connected and closer to major industrial and urban areas. These dependency patterns contrast with projected regional changes in the future distribution of wild food species implying a strong decrease in species richness in the southern half of the RS, which is projected to be smaller, more geographically contained and accompanied by greater increases in richness in the northern half of the RS under a low- relative to a high-emission scenario. At a local scale, these regional changes translate into major species turnovers reshaping the composition of wild food species that are currently available to dependent rural communities, potentially rising future challenges and opportunities.